The Construction
1850 |
White Star Lines is founded. It is registered
in Liverpool as The Oceanic Steam Navigation Company, Ltd., it's legal name. |
1867 |
White Star Lines is purchased by Thomas Henry
Ismay, father of J. Bruce Ismay, for 1000 British Pounds. Agreements are reached with Gutsav Schwabe to bankroll White Star,
provided Harland and Wolff are contracted to build all new White Star liners. |
1891 |
J. Bruce Ismay is admitted into the White Star
Partnership. |
1892 |
Thomas Ismay retires, leaving Bruce as Chairman. |
1902 |
American financier J. Pierpoint Morgan's International
Mercantile Marine Co. (IMM) buys White Star Lines for 10 million Pounds. J. Bruce Ismay remains Chairman and Managing Director. |
1904 |
Bruce Ismay, at age 41, is named President of
IMM.
Bruce J. Ismay |
Summer, 1907 |
J. Bruce Ismay and Lord James Pirrie, a partner
in Harland and Wolff, meet at a dinner party at Pirrie's residence in London. They begin to formulate plans for 2 ocean liners
that will surpass anything built to date. The names OLYMPIC and TITANIC are chosen as well. Sometime later, a third ship called
Gigantic is added to the plans. |
June, 1907 |
J. Bruce Ismay meets with the New York Harbor
Board to construct a pier long enough to accommodate a ship the proposed size of Titanic and Olympic. About the same time,
Lord Pirrie instructs the Harland and Wolff architects be begin preliminary designs on Olympic and Titanic, and begins plans
to enlarge the Belfast shipyards to berth ships of such size.
|
July, 1907 |
Construction begins at Harland and Wolff's yards
to combine 3 slips into 2 slips with a 220 foot high gantry, the largest ever built. |
July 29, 1908 |
Ismay and Pirrie, among others, meet at Harland
and Wolff to view the plans for Olympic and Titanic. |
July 31, 1908 |
White Star Lines and Harland and Wolff sign the
building contract for Olympic ,Titanic, and Gigantic (later renamed Britannic). |
Dec. 16, 1908 |
The keel plate (number 400) for Olympic is laid
at Harland and Wolff's Belfast yard. |
Mar. 31, 1909 |
The keel plate for Titanic (number 401) is laid. |
Oct. 20, 1910 |
Olympic's hull is launched and towed to the fitting
out basin. |
May 31, 1911 12:13pm |
Titanic's 26,000 ton hull is launched at Harland
and Wolff's shipyard, watched by over 100,000 people. She reached a speed of 12 knots before 6 anchor chains and 2 piles of
cable drag chains weighing 80 ton's each brought her to a halt. As was White Star's practice, there was no christening. |
3:00pm |
White Star Lines representatives officially take
possession of Olympic. Bruce Ismay, J.P. Morgan, and many other VIP's set sail for Liverpool aboard Olympic. Titanic is towed
to the fitting out basin. |
Sep. 11, 1911 |
Olympic departs Southampton on her fifth voyage,
commanded by Captain Edward James Smith, who would later take command of Titanic. After noon, while in the Splithead Channel,
she collides with the British Cruiser Hawke. Both ships were heavily damaged. |
Feb. 3, 1912 |
Titanic is dry-docked in the Thompson Graving
Dock, where she is fitted with her 3 massive propellers and the final coat of paint is applied to the hull, the final phase
of her fitting out. Finishing touches are begun on the interior and the Marconi Radio is installed and tested, and assigned
the call letters MGY. |
The Sinking
Sunday, April 14, 1912 Early morning |
Titanic continues on course into the heart of
the North Atlantic. She covers another 546 miles on this day. |
Mid-morning |
Titanic receives a warning from Caronia of ice
ahead. Later, another message from the Dutch liner Noordam also warns of "much ice". |
Early afternoon |
The Baltic reports "large quantities of field
ice" 250 miles ahead of Titanic. Capt. Smith would later show this message to Bruce Ismay. One survivor would later account
that Smith and Ismay talked at lunch about making New York a day early and grabbing headlines. Another message is received
from Amerika warning of icebergs, but this message is not forwarded to Capt. Smith. |
6:00pm |
Capt. Smith alters course to South 86 West True,
heading southwest of original course, but maintains full speed.
Captain Smith |
7:30pm |
The Californian sends a third message warning
of ice 50 miles ahead of Titanic. |
9:20pm |
After meeting with Second Officer Lightoller
and discussing the unusually calm seas and clear air, Capt. Smith retires to his room. Officer Lightoller then cautions lookouts
to be careful of ice until morning. Titanics' speed at this time is 22 knots.
Officer Lightoller |
9:40pm |
A heavy ice pack and iceberg warning is received
from the Masaba. Wireless Officers Phillips and Bride ignore the message and proceed with sending personal messages from the
passengers. |
10:00pm |
Second Officer Lightoller is relieved by First
Officer Murdoch. Titanic is running at 22 to 24 knots with 24 of her 29 boilers lit.
Officer Murdoch |
10:55pm |
Californian reports they have been stopped by
ice 10-20 miles north of Titanic, reported position 40.2N 50.7W. Wireless Officer Phillips tells them "Keep out! Shut up!
You're jamming my signal! I'm working Cape Race", and the Californian shuts down their set for the night. |
11:30pm |
Lookouts Fleet and Lee note a slight haze appearing
ahead. Titanic is moving at 24 knots, or 26 MPH, or 2200 feet per minute (1/2 mile). |
11:40pm |
Lookout Fleet rings the bridge by telephone yelling
"Iceberg right ahead!" and rings the crows nest bell 3 times. Sixth Officer Moody acknowledges and relays the message to Murdock,
who orders "Hard-a-starboard" and telegraphs the engine room "Full Stop" followed by "Full Astern".
Fredrick Fleet |
11:40:40pm |
Titanic begins to turn slowly to port but strikes
an underwater spar jutting from the iceberg on the starboard side 12 feet back from the bow. The 1 inch thick plates of steel
are scrapped for 300 feet along Titanics' side and 5 to 20 feet below the waterline, buckling or tearing a hole in compartment
1, 2 holes in compartment 2, another hole that crosses the bulkhead 3 between compartments 2 and 3, another across bulkhead
4, and another across bulkhead 5 between boilers 5 and 6 and stoke hold 9. Water pressure from outside is pumping water in
at the rate of 7 tons per minute (almost 2000 gallons). |
11:40:50pm |
First Officer Murdoch orders "Full to Port",
trying to corner Titanic around the remainder of the iceberg. He also throws the electric switch closing the water-tight compartment
doors. Passengers on the upper decks see the iceberg as Titanic passes by. |
11:43pm |
Capt. Smith arrives on the bridge and orders
Thomas Andrews, Chief Wilde, and Officer Boxhall to go below and inspect the damage.
Thomas Andrews |
11:55pm |
The post office on G deck is flooded, trapping
and drowning several workers. Thomas Andrews reports that 5 compartments are flooded to the waterline and advises Capt. Smith
that Titanic can float with 4 compartments filled, but not 5. |
12:00am |
Officer Boxhall takes Titanics' last position
(41.46' N, 50.14' W), which Capt. Smith takes to the wireless room and orders the distress call CQD.
Officer Boxhall |
12:05am |
The squash court on D deck is now flooded. Titanics'
bow is only 15 feet above the 28 degree water. The engine crew has started shutting down the boilers. Capt. Smith orders the
lifeboats uncovered and life belts distributed. 25 minutes after the collision, 140 tons of freezing water now fill the forward
compartments and begins to overflow bulkhead 6, which only goes up to E deck, and flood the adjoining compartments. |
12:07am |
Cunard liner Carpathia responds to Titanics'
distress calls. She is 58 miles southeast of Titanic and will take over 4 hours to arrive. |
12:15am |
Wallace Hartley and his band begins playing ragtime
music in the First Class Lounge on A deck.
Wallace Hartley |
12:25am |
Capt. Smith orders the life boats filled, women
and children first. First Officer Lightoller commands the lowering crews, forward boats first and moving afterward. |
12:45am |
Lifeboat 7 is launched from the starboard side
with 27 people. It can hold 65. Quartermaster George Rowe fires the first distress rocket under direction of Officer Boxhall.
The rockets are fired from the bridge railing in the Boat Deck, near Emergency boat 1. Aboard the Californian, Chief Officer
Stone reports seeing rockets 10 miles to starboard to Captain Lord, who then ordered him to try contacting the ship by Morse
lamp, NOT wireless (this was later disputed by Captain Lord during the official investigations). |
12:50am |
Officer Boxhall sights a vessel (possibly the
Californian) off in the distance, but all attempts to reach her with Morse lamps are futile and she disappears. |
12:55am |
Lifeboat 5 is launched from the starboard side
with 40 people. Lifeboat 6 is launched from the port side with 25 people. |
1:00am |
Lifeboat 3 is launched from the port side with
32 people (including 11 crew members). |
1:10am |
Lifeboat 8 is launched from the port side with
27 people. Emergency boat 1 is launched from the starboard side with 12 people. It can hold 40. |
1:15am |
Capt. Smith tries to recall the half full lifeboats,
but none return. Titanics' name painted on the bow is now at the waterline and water is beginning to flow over the top of
the bulkhead 8 at Deck E. Californian Officers Stone and Gibson see several rockets and report them to Captain Lord (who later
denied this account) and try repeatedly to signal a distant ship with Morse lamps. |
1:20am |
Lifeboat 10 is launched from the port side with
47 people. About this time, Thomas Andrews is seen staring at a painting in the First Class Smoking Room. He does not reply
when asked to leave. |
1:25am |
Panic is setting in as Lifeboat 14 is launched
from the starboard side with 54 people, including Officer Lowe, who fires 3 shots in the air from his pistol to keep passengers
on the lower deck from jumping onto the boat. Lifeboat 16 is launched from the port side with 42 people.
Officer Harold Lowe |
1:30am |
Lifeboat 12 is launched from the port side with
32 people and Lifeboat 9 is launched from the starboard side with 48 people. Titanic begins to list to starboard while her
decks get continually steeper. |
1:35am |
Lifeboat 11 is launched from the starboard side
with 56 people. Wireless operator Phillips sends his last message, then abandons the radio room and heads for the aft deck. |
1:40am |
Lifeboat 13 is launched from the starboard side
with 54 people and Lifeboat 15 is launched with 57 people. Collapsible boat C is launched from the starboard side with 32
people (including White Star Chairman J. Bruce Ismay). It can hold 49 and is the last boat lowered to the water on this side
of the ship. |
1:45am |
Emergency boat 2 is launched from the port side
with 20 people (it can hold 40). |
1:50am |
Lifeboat 4 is launched from the port side with
34 people. |
2:00am |
The water has risen to just 10 feet below the
Promenade Deck and the bow railings are now under water. About this time, Capt. Smith is last seen standing on the flooding
bridge. Wallace Hartley's band begins their last song, "Nearer, My God, To Thee". |
2:05am |
Collapsible boat D is lowered from the port side
with 44 people. This is the last boat to be lowered from the deck of Titanic. Some survivors reported that an officer
(possibly Murdoch) shot at rushing passengers, hitting at least one, then turned the gun on himself. There are still over
1500 people left aboard Titanic as water pours over the forward section of A deck. Remaining passengers climb to the aft section,
which has now started to rise out of the water.
from "Titanic" |
2:10am |
Collapsible boats A and B are freed from their
tie downs but the rising water sweeps them off the deck. Passengers are seen jumping from the aft Steerage Loading door to
the freezing water 100 feet below. Titanics' propellers are now completely out of the water. |
2:15am |
Father Thomas Byles gives confession to passengers
gathered on the aft end of the Boat Deck. Loud crashes are heard as objects in the interior of the ship slide toward the submerged
bow. |
2:18am |
The lights flicker once, then go out as the electric
generators fail. Titanics' hull splits from the deck to the keel between the 3rd and 4th funnels. The stern section falls
back to the water, then rises again as the bow breaks off and begins it's decent.
from "Titanic" |
2:20am |
The stern section floods and goes down "like
an elevator", 2 hours and 30 minutes after the collision. Over 1500 remaining passengers plunge into the icy water. Aboard
the Californian, Officers Stone and Gibson watch as a distant ship apparently travels beyond the horizon. |
2:21am |
About 20 people in the water climb into the partially
submerged Collapsible A and another 30 climb atop the overturned Collapsible B. Anyone in the 28 degree water is now suffering
from shock and the onset of hypothermia. The stern section implodes 200 feet down due to external pressure and nowhere for
the trapped air to go. |
2:25am |
After 4 minutes in the freezing water, and assuming
an average body weight of 140 pounds, most people in the water are experiencing numbing of the extremities, shortness of breath,
tunnel vision, and absolute terror. These assumptions are based on medical reports of hypothermia victims. |
2:28am |
About this time, the bow crashes on the bottom
12,600 feet below. Titanic lands intact and upright, sinking 20-25 feet into the mud. Since it was flooded when it sank, the
pressure equalized and it didn't suffer the implosion that the stern did.
Current position: 41°43'57"N 49°56'49"W (13.5
miles from last reported position).
|
2:30am |
After 10 minutes in the water, the average person
is shivering uncontrollably, unable to speak coherently, and unable to process any information. They are running on pure instinct,
trying to survive at any cost, and climbing atop one another to get out of the water. Children at this point have lost consciousness. |
2:31am |
The stern hits the bottom, 2000 feet (1/3 mile)
away from the bow. Current position: 41°43'35"N 49°56'54"W |
2:35am |
Most adults have quit trying to swim, just staying
afloat with their lifebelts. The screams have begun to subside as people begin to slip into unconsciousness. |
2:50am |
Most people in the water are dead or unconscious
by now, having succumbed to hypothermia after 30 minutes in the 28 degree water. Survivors in the lifeboats are huddled together
for warmth, some rowing to keep warm. |
3:00am |
Officers and crew members begin to gather the
boats together. Some survivors are transferred from Lifeboat 14 to the others, then Officer Lowe heads for the people in the
water looking for other survivors. 6 people are pulled from the water, barely alive. 14 people are pulled from the partially
submerged Collapsible A, then it's cast adrift with 3 dead bodies (I have not found a verifiable report that Collapsible A
was ever found again). Lifeboats 4 and 12 rescue 28 survivors from overturned Collapsible B. |
3:30am |
Carpathia's rockets are sighted. |
4:10am |
Lifeboat 2 arrives at the Carpathia. |
4:45am |
Lifeboat 13 arrives at the Carpathia. |
5:10am |
Lifeboat 5 arrives at the Carpathia. |
5:30am |
Aboard the Californian, Captain Lord arrives
on the bridge and asks about the ship from last night. Officer Stewart points out the ship, noting that there are no signals
now (what they saw was the Carpathia). Captain Lord awakes Wireless Officer Evans and asks him to turn on the wireless and
find out any information. After being advised of Titanics' sinking by the Frankfort, Californian heads for the site at full
steam to assist with rescue operations. |
6:00am |
Lifeboats 3 and 6 arrive at the Carpathia. |
6:30am |
Collapsible C arrives at the Carpathia with J.
Bruce Ismay aboard. |
7:00am |
Collapsible D arrives at the Carpathia.
|
8:00am |
Lifeboat 11 arrives at the Carpathia. |
8:20am |
Californian arrives. |
8:30am |
Lifeboat 12 arrives at the Carpathia. Officer
Lightoller is the last survivor to come aboard. |
8:50am |
Carpathia leaves for New York with 705 survivors
aboard. Californian is asked to stay and search for bodies from the water. Both ships are flying their flags at half-mast. |
9:00am approx. |
J. Bruce Ismay sends the following to the White
Star Lines New York office: "Deeply regret advise you Titanic sank this morning after collision with iceberg, resulting in
serious loss of life. Full particulars later." Titanic Wireless Officer Bride volunteers to help in the transmitting of survivor
lists and messages to families to the mainland. |
11:00am |
Californian leaves the area bound for Boston. |
Titanics' Current Position:
Titanic Timeline provided by:
NightWing® Publishing 1996-2001
E-mail Address: imacmike1@cox.net
As I look back on history, I remember
learning about Titanic, and how much of an impact it had on my life. I have studied this shipwreck for 25 years, and I am
in tune with every fabric of this monumental moment in time. I hope you have enjoyed a trip through time, and remembering
all the souls lost in that devastating event in history.
May
God Bless Them all, and May God Bless You All.
|
|
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Maiden Voyage
Tuesday, April 2, 1912 |
Titanic sets sail from Belfast and begins her
sea trials. The most significant of these trials was a full speed turn, which encompassed a circle of 3,850 feet in diameter
and total forward movement of 2,100 feet. This means at 22 knots, it took Titanic 4 tenths of a mile to turn 90 degrees. Board
of Trade surveyor Francis Carruthers approved the tests and White Star took possession of Titanic. A small fire started in
boiler room 6 that would smolder for weeks in the coal dust of the starboard bunker. |
Friday, April 5 12:15am |
Titanic arrives at the Southampton dock dressed
in flags and pennants. She was berthed in slip 44. |
Saturday, April 6 |
Crew hiring begins at the White Star halls and
the Union halls. Hundreds of people jammed the halls hoping for a job after the coal strike, which ended the same day. Loading
of cargo also begins. Crews begin loading the 5,800 tons of coal needed for the voyage. |
Sunday, April 7 |
Crews finish loading 4,427 tons of coal into
Titanics' coal bunkers. Then work ceased for the day, in honor of Easter. |
Monday, April 8 |
Fresh food is loaded into the huge storerooms.
75,000 lbs. of meat, 11,000 lbs. of fish, and 1,750 quarts of ice cream are loaded into the refrigerated storerooms on G deck
aft. |
Tuesday, April 9 |
Board of Trade surveyor Captain Clark completes
the final inspection of Titanic. Captain E.J. Smith also performed his own inspection with Second Officer Charles Lightoller
and builder Thomas Andrews. All officers except Capt. Smith slept this night on Titanic.
Captain Edward J. Smith |
Wednesday, April 10 7:30am |
Capt. Smith boards Titanic and receives the sailing
report from Chief Henry Wilde. Bruce Ismay boards sometime after breakfast and tours the finished ship. |
9:30am |
The first train with First, Second, and Third
Class passengers arrives from Waterloo Station. Capt. George Bower, Titanics' Pilot, boards and the pilot's flag is run up
the flagpole. |
11:45am |
Titanics' siren sounds, signaling her departure. |
12:05pm |
Titanics' mooring ropes are cleared and tug boats
begin towing her from the dock. Movement of Titanics' huge mass in the harbor causing all 6 mooring ropes of the liner New
York to snap. The New York swings towards Titanic and the tug Vulcan catches her bow and narrowly avoids a collision. After
some delay, Titanic is towed from the harbor and begins the 24 mile crossing of the English Channel. |
5:30pm |
Titanic arrives at Cherbourg, France, with all
lights blazing. Passengers board tenders and are ferried to Titanic. |
8:30pm |
Titanics' anchor is raised and she set sail for
Queenstown, Ireland, around the southern coast of England. |
Thursday, April 11 Early morning |
Thomas Andrews and the 9 member "guarantee group"
from Harland and Wolff's yards hold a full dress drill of the water-tight safety doors.
Thomas Andrews |
11:30am |
Titanic lowers anchor in Queenstown Harbour 2
miles from land. Tenders America and Ireland deliver more passengers and mail. |
1:30pm |
Titanics' starboard anchor is raised for the
last time, and she sets sail for New York. |
2:30pm |
The ships pilot, Capt. Bower, is dropped off
at the Daunt light-ship. |
Late afternoon |
Titanic passes the Old Head of Kinsale' and blows
her whistles at waving visitors. She then heads out to open sea. |
Friday, April 12 Daybreak |
Titanic is well on her way out to the North Atlantic,
running at 21 knots. She covered 386 miles on her first day at sea. |
Afternoon |
Titanic receives many wireless messages of congratulations,
most including warnings of ice. Some passengers noted that the wind was very cold and preferred to stay inside. |
Late evening |
Titanics' Marconi Wireless Radio failed. Wireless
Officers Phillips and Bride worked through the night to repair it.
Wireless Officers Phillips and Bride
|
Saturday, April 13 10:30am |
Capt. Smith began his daily inspection of the
ship. During his inspection of the engine room, Chief Engineer Bell reports the fire in boiler room 6 is finally extinguished,
however the bulkhead part of the bunker shows signs of heat damage. Capt. Smith ordered oil to be rubbed on the damaged 1
inch think steel. |
Noon |
Titanic had covered 519 miles in the last 24
hours. |
The Aftermath
April 18, 1912 9:00pm |
Carpathia arrives in New York with Titanics'
705 survivors. Californian arrives sometime the same day in Boston.
|
April 19, 1912 |
American hearings investigating the disaster
begin at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York. Californian Officer Gibson sells his story to the local papers, detailing how officers
aboard Californian saw the rockets and reported then to Captain Lord, who failed to take prompt action. Although many aspects
of his story are denied by other officers, the press blames Captain Lord for the disaster. |
April 22, 1912 |
The S.S. Macay Bennet is sent from New York to
recover the last of the bodies. 328 bodies are recovered by May 15. |
May 2, 1912 |
The British Inquiry into the disaster begins. |
May 25, 1912 |
The U.S. investigation ends, with no clear fault
for the disaster found. Captain Lord of the Californian is found negligent and blamed for the great loss of life, having not
responded to reports of rockets by his officers. |
July 3, 1912 |
The British Inquiry ends. Although no clear blame
for the disaster is decided, Captain Lord is described as "negligent" in his handling of the rocket reports from his officers.
Thomas Ryan files a claim of negligence causing the death of his son Patrick Ryan against The Oceanic Steam Navigation Company,
Ltd., in the Kings Bench Division of the Royal Court, case number 1111. The claim mentions lack of binoculars for the lookouts,
insufficient lifeboats, and excessive speed through an icefield as contributing to the death of Mr Ryan. |
April, 1913 |
As a result of the U.S. and British inquiries,
the International Ice Patrol is created to locate and break up large icebergs in the north Atlantic. New regulations are passed
for Marconi Wireless Operations, namely that all ship-board radios will be manned 24 hours a day. |
Feb. 26, 1914 |
Britannic, the 3rd of White Star's Olympic Class,
is launched. At 48,158 registered gross tons, she was bigger than her sister ships, Olympic and Titanic. This increased size
was due to new safety features added to the hull after Titanic sank. |
Nov. 13, 1915 |
At the start of WW1, Britannic is recommissioned
as a hospital ship. Her nearly completed interior staterooms are refitted as operating rooms. She was declared fit for war
duty on Dec. 12, 1915. |
Dec. 12, 1915 |
Britannic arrives in Liverpool under heavy armored
escort. She was outfitted for her duties as a hospital ship with 2034 berths and 1035 cots for casualties. A medical
staff of 52 officers, 101 nurses, 336 orderlies, and a crew of 675 men and women. The ship was under the command of Captain
Charles A. Bartlett. |
Dec. 23, 1915 |
Britannic departs Liverpool on her maiden voyage.
She was bound for Mudros on the Isle of Lemnos. She was joining the Mauritania, Aquitania, and her sister, Olympic, in the
Dardanelles (part of Turkey) Service. Joined later by the Statendam the five ships together were capable of carrying 17,000
sick and wounded or 33,000 troops. |
Nov. 21,1916 |
On her 6th voyage, Britannic hits a German mine
while steaming through the Kea Channel in the Aegian Sea off the coast of Greece and sinks in only 55 minutes. The explosion
apparently occurred at the watertight bulkhead between holds 2 and 3. At the same time, boiler rooms 5 and 6 began taking
water. This was roughly the same damage as that sustained by her sister the Titanic. With 1100 people onboard, only 30 are
lost when 2 lifeboats are launched while the ship is still under way and are sucked into the the propellers. On a special
note, Violet Jessup was onboard assigned as a nurse. She was also on the crew of the Olympic when it collided with the Hawke,
AND she was onboard the Titanic as a stewardess. She was a survivor of the lifeboat incident above. |
July 17, 1918 |
While traveling in convoy to Boston, Carpathia
is struck by 2 German U-boat torpedoes 170 miles from Bishop's rock off of the Isles of Scilly. As the crew were manning the
lifeboats, the ship was struck by a third torpedo. Five crew members were killed instantly. The remainder of the crew and
Carpathia's 57 passengers were picked up by the HMS Snowdrop and returned to Liverpool. The Carpathia sank at 12:40 AM on
that morning. |
1934 |
The U.S. Federal Communications Commission is
founded and set in charge of U.S. wireless and radio regulations. |
March, 1935 |
The Olympic is retired and sold for scrap. |
1953 |
An expedition is mounted to find Titanic using
explosives to obtain echo profiles of the sea bottom. Nothing is found. |
1955 |
Walter Lord writes the best-seller A Night To
Remember with extensive interviews of the survivors. |
1980 - 1983 |
Several failed attempts to locate Titanic are
mounted. |
July 1, 1985 |
French research vessel Le Suriot searches for
Titanic using side scanning sonar with no results. |
Sep. 1, 1985 1:05am |
The Woods Hole Institute expedition aboard the
research vessel Knorr, commanded by Robert Ballard, finds the debris field and follows it into the wreck site. Ballard uses
2 sonar guided video remote vehicles, Argo and Angus.
Titanic today:
|
July 9, 1986 |
Ballard returns to the wreck aboard Atlantis
II with the submersible Alvin and the remote vehicle Jason. The first clear pictures of Titanic in 74 years are taken. The
ROV Jason takes pictures and explores the remains of the grand staircase and ballroom. Ballard says he will not disturb the
site in any way and leaves a bronze plaque honoring the dead on the forward A Deck. |
1987 |
The U.S. Senate passes a bill stating that "no
Titanic artifacts may be imported into the United States", a weak attempt at curbing salvage operations. |
July 22, 1987 |
IFREMER's mother ship Nadir, successfully launched
the deep sea submersible Nautile, on 32 consecutive dives to the wreck site. Using a remote controlled robot similar to Jason
Jr. called Robin, Nautile recorded new photos and video never before seen. |
June 30, 1991 to July 17 |
A Canadian-Russian team explores Titanic and
films "Titanica" with the new IMAX camera. |
1993 |
The R.M.S. Titanic Inc. Expedition with submersible Nautile spends 15 days
at the wreck site and recovers some 800 artifacts. |
1994 |
R.M.S. Titanic Inc. returns with Nautile and recovers coal from the
debris field. |
1995 |
James Cameron and crew begin filming "Titanic" using 2 submersibles Mir1 and Mir2 aboard the research
ship Keldysh. |
Aug. 1996 |
The Discovery Channel and R.M.S. Titanic Inc. returns lead by George Tulloch. The Kilabuk, Nadir,
and Ocean Voyager are the ships used for this expedition.The expedition tries and fails to retrieve a piece of the hull. Using
the submersible Nautile, the expedition recovers artifacts and relics from the debris field between the two main hull sections.
Using new side-scan sonar technology, they also uncover evidence that the iceberg that Titanic struck 85 years ago did NOT
rip a 300 foot gash in the hull, but rather several small holes and separated the inch thick steel plates at the rivet lines
across the first five bulkheads. |
Dec. 19, 1997 |
"Titanic" opens in theaters to rave reviews and stays the
#1 box-office draw for 16 weeks. |
Mar. 1998 |
"Titanic" becomes the highest grossing movie in Hollywood
history (2 billion U.S. dollars world-wide) and wins the Oscars for Best Movie, Best Film Editing, Best Original Score, Best
Original Song (My Heart Will Go On), Best Visual Effects, Best Sound Editing, and Best Costume. James Cameron wins Best Director. |
Aug. 10, 1998 |
R.M.S. Titanic Inc. brings a hull section to the surface and aboard
the Abeille. This is the same section they failed to raise in the 1996 expedition.
The 17 tons of steel hull measure 7.3 meters
wide by nearly six meters at its longest point. It was once First Class cabin C86, home to Walter and Mahala Douglas. The
two portholes visible in the above photo are intact, the inch thick glass and brass fittings still in place.
Photo courtesy Discovery Online. |
Aug. 16, 1998 |
Discovery Online and R.M.S. Titanic Inc. host a world television and internet simul-cast
with LIVE video feed from the wreck site of the 1998 expedition. Discovery reports over 1 million hits per day to the video pages. |
Sep. 1, 1998 |
"Titanic" is released on video and sells 3 million
copies world wide in 24 hours. |
July-August, 2000 |
R.M.S. Titanic returns to the wreck site with the Keldysh, the
submersibles Mir1 and Mir2, the Ocean Intervention, and the S/V Explorer. 28 dives recovered 853 artifacts, "including the
ship's wheel and stand that was used to turn the Titanic away from the deadly iceberg, a whistle control timer, the steering
wheel stand from the navigation bridge, parts for a watertight door, the main telegraph base with cable and electric switch,
the docking bridge telephone, and a capstan controller." Personal artifacts included "a pair of binoculars, a pair of opera
glasses, a leather case with sixty-five intact perfume ampoules belonging to first class passenger Mr. Adolphe Saafeld, a
bowler hat, a collapsible top hat, first class Stonier & Company demitasse and dinner plate, a camera with eleven bits
of Nitrate film, and two first-class, silver plated dishes that were probably used as collection plates during the Sunday
services. Other standout item include a base for a cherub that is likely from the Grand Staircase judging by its size
and shape, as well as the first-class staircase garland (two portions of gilded wood that would have been applied to the balustrade).
Nine leather bags were found, including the alligator bag belonging to third class passenger Mrs. Marion Meanwell, and a leather
suitcase belonging to Mr. William Henry Allen, whose personal items were tightly, neatly packed. The total number of
artifacts retrieved from the bags is well over one hundred." |
Jan. 31, 2001 |
Michel Navratil, who was just three years old
when the Titanic sank, dies in Montpellier, France. He was the last male survivor of the disaster. |
The New York Times
Titanic Disaster
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The Denver Times
Titanic Disaster News
Titanic Disaster Aftermath
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